The relationship of patenting applications and expenditure with output and real GDP in nineteenth century colonial New Zealand

The relationship between patenting and output series real GDP is examined using both nineteenth century New Zealand patent applications, applications weighted by fees compulsory advertising expenditure. Weighting patents desirable because of the rapid growth in after initial were reduced early 1880s. expenditure data usually provides a better measure intellectual property investment, with considerably more Granger causality relationships identified than unweighted applications. Nevertheless, there still important, sometimes complementary, output. Output led patenting, particularly data.